BTEC Unit 25 Aircraft Electrical Power and Distribution Systems HNC Level 4 Assignment Sample UK

Course: Pearson BTEC Level 4 Higher National Certificate in Engineering

The Pearson BTEC Level 4 Higher National Certificate in Aeronautical Engineering, Unit 25, focuses on Aircraft Electrical Power and Distribution Systems. This course provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex power generation and distribution systems found in modern aircraft. Students will learn about various power sources, such as batteries, generators, and transformer rectifier units, as well as the use of external ground power units and auxiliary power units. 

The course covers the operation of components and subsystems, including contactors, regulators, protection circuits, and bus power control units. By the end of the course, students will be able to interpret electrical power schematic diagrams and understand power distribution to critical aircraft components.

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Assignment Task 1: Identify internal and external sources of aircraft power and their application in modern civil and military aircraft

Modern civil and military aircraft rely on both internal and external sources of power to meet their electrical demands. Here are the sources and their applications:

Internal Sources:

• APU (Auxiliary Power Unit): The APU is a self-contained power unit located on the aircraft that provides electrical power and sometimes mechanical power (compressed air) when the main engines are not running. It is used for ground operations, starting the main engines, and providing backup power during flight.
• Main Engines: The main engines of an aircraft can generate electrical power through generators or integrated starter-generators. This power is used for various systems and can be sufficient for normal flight operations.

External Sources:

• Ground Power: Aircraft can be connected to ground power units (GPU) or ground power carts while on the ground. These external power sources supply electrical power to the aircraft for ground operations, such as aircraft maintenance, servicing, and passenger comfort.
• Airstart Systems: In military aircraft, airstart systems can provide power from another aircraft to start the engines. This is useful in scenarios where ground power is not available.

Applications:

• Internal and external power sources are crucial for starting aircraft systems, avionics, lighting, air conditioning, and other electrical systems.
• They are used during ground operations, pre-flight checks, engine start-up, and taxiing.
• In-flight, these power sources ensure the continuous operation of critical systems, including flight instruments, navigation systems, communication systems, and flight controls.
• They also power cabin amenities, such as lighting, entertainment systems, galley equipment, and passenger comfort systems.

Assignment Task 2: Explain the principles and application of aircraft DC power sources

Direct Current (DC) power sources play a vital role in aircraft electrical systems. Here are the principles and applications of DC power sources:

Principles:

• DC power sources provide a constant voltage output with a fixed polarity.
• They use generators, alternators, or converters to convert mechanical or AC power into DC power.
• DC power is typically generated at a specific voltage level, such as 28 volts DC, which is commonly used in modern aircraft.

Applications:

• DC power sources are used to power various electrical systems and components in an aircraft.
• They provide power for critical avionics systems, including flight instruments, communication systems, navigation equipment, and autopilot systems.
• DC power is used for aircraft lighting systems, both internal (cockpit, cabin) and external (position lights, landing lights).
• They supply power to various subsystems, such as fuel pumps, hydraulic systems, environmental control systems, and power control units.

Assignment Task 3: Explain the principles and application of aircraft AC power source

Alternating Current (AC) power sources are an integral part of aircraft electrical systems. Here are the principles and applications of AC power sources:

Principles:

• AC power sources produce electrical power that alternates in direction, periodically changing polarity.
• AC power is typically generated at frequencies of 400 Hz or 50/60 Hz, depending on the aircraft’s electrical system design.
• The AC power is generated by integrated drive generators (IDGs) or auxiliary power units (APUs) with integrated generators.

Applications:

• AC power sources supply power to a wide range of electrical systems and components.
• They power various onboard systems, including lighting systems, galley equipment, cabin climate control systems, and entertainment systems.
• AC power is used for AC motors, such as fuel pumps, hydraulic pumps, and air conditioning compressors.
• It also powers electrical heaters and de-icing systems.
• In some aircraft, AC power is rectified to DC power using converters to power DC systems and components.

Assignment Task 4: Illustrate the function and operation of the components and sub-systems used in aircraft electrical power distribution systems.

Aircraft electrical power distribution systems play a critical role in supplying power to various systems and components. Here are the functions and operations of key components and subsystems in aircraft electrical power distribution:

• Generators/Alternators: Generators or alternators are driven by the aircraft engines and provide electrical power. They convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and supply it to the aircraft’s electrical system. Generators/alternators are usually designed to produce either AC or DC power.
• Busbars: Busbars are conductive bars or plates that distribute electrical power to different areas or subsystems within the aircraft. They serve as electrical junctions, allowing multiple components to connect and draw power from the same source. Busbars ensure efficient power distribution and allow for system redundancy.
• Circuit Breakers: Circuit breakers protect the electrical system from overcurrent conditions. They are switches that automatically open when the current exceeds a specific threshold, interrupting the power flow and preventing damage to the system or components. Circuit breakers can be manually or automatically resettable.
• Relays: Relays are electromagnetic switches that control the flow of electrical current in a circuit. They allow low-power control signals to activate or deactivate high-power circuits, ensuring proper power distribution and system protection. Relays are commonly used in systems such as lighting, control circuits, and power distribution.
• Power Management Systems: Power management systems monitor and control the electrical power distribution, ensuring optimal usage and system reliability. These systems manage power generation, load balancing, fault detection, and system protection. They optimize power distribution based on priority and dynamically adjust power allocation to meet changing demands.
• Backup Power Systems: Backup power systems provide emergency power in the event of a primary power source failure. They typically consist of batteries or auxiliary power units (APUs) that can supply power to critical systems until normal power sources are restored. Backup power systems ensure the availability of essential functions, such as flight instruments, communication systems, and flight controls, during power disruptions.

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