BTEC HND Level 3 Unit 50: Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines Assignments Answers

A gas turbine engine (GTE) is an internal combustion engine that uses gas as its working fluid. The fluid enters the engine at high pressure and temperature and exits at a lower pressure. GTEs are used in a variety of applications, including aircraft propulsion, land-based power generation, marine propulsion, and locomotion.

Aircraft gas turbine engines are a type of propulsion system that uses compressed air and fuel to produce thrust. These engines are highly efficient and have a wide range of applications, from powering small personal aircraft to large commercial jets. In this unit, we’ll take a closer look at how gas turbine engines work and some of the key benefits they offer.

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Assignment Activity 1: Examine the scientific principles and operation of aircraft gas turbine engines that produce thrust.

Gas turbine engines function according to the gas laws, which were developed by Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac.

• Boyle’s law states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional; as one increases, the other decreases. This law is important for understanding how the air is compressed in a gas turbine engine.
• Charles’ law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature; as the temperature increases, so does the volume. This law is important for understanding how heat energy is converted into mechanical energy in a gas turbine engine.
• Gay-Lussac’s law states that the quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature; as the quantity of gas increases, so does the temperature. This law is important for understanding how the air is mixed with fuel in a gas turbine engine.

The Brayton gas turbine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used in gas turbine engines. It is named after American engineer George Brayton, who invented and patented the first practical gas turbine engine in 1875.

The theoretical Brayton gas turbine cycle consists of four processes: isentropic compression, constant-pressure combustion, isentropic expansion, and regeneration (cooling). In the compressor, the air is compressed to high pressure and then heated by the burning fuel. The hot compressed air passes through the combustor, where it ignites the fuel and burns continuously. The expanding heated air then powers the turbine, which drives the compressor and generates power. In the expander, exhaust gases from the turbine are cooled by passing them through a heat exchanger. The cooled exhaust gases are then reheated in the combustor and recycled back into the turbine.

The Brayton gas turbine cycle is used in many aircraft gas turbine engines. It is a highly efficient cycle that produces high-pressure, high-temperature air, which is ideal for generating thrust.

There are four types of gas turbine engines: turbojet, turboprop, turbofan, and turboshaft.

1. The turbojet is the simplest and most commonly used type of gas turbine engine. It consists of a compressor, combustor, and turbine mounted on a shaft. The compressor compresses the air entering the engine, providing high-pressure air to the combustor. The combustor ignites the fuel in the compressed air and produces hot gases that flow through the turbine blades. The turbines extract energy from these hot gases to drive the compressor and produce thrust.
2. Turboprop engines are similar to turbojets except that they have a propeller instead of a turbine at the exhaust end of the engine. These propellers are specially designed to produce high thrust and efficiencies at low airspeeds.
3. Turbofan engines are the most common type of gas turbine engine used in civilian aircraft. They are similar to turboprop engines, except that the fan is located in front of the compressor. This configuration allows for more efficient airflow and better fuel economy.
4. Turboshaft engines are used in helicopters and other military aircraft. They are similar to turbofan engines, except that the fan is located at the rear of the engine. This configuration allows for more efficient exhaust flow and better performance at high altitudes.

Assignment Activity 2: Examine the function and operation of gas turbine engine components and systems that produce thrust.

Turbine engines are jet engines that extract energy from a flow of hot gas. The gas is usually supplied by burning fuel in the engine, but it can also come from a separate source, such as a nuclear reactor. The turbine extracts energy from the rotating gas and uses it to drive the compressor, which pumps air into the engine. The turbine also drives the aircraft’s propeller or fan.

The basic components of a turbine engine are the compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust nozzle.

• In a gas turbine engine, the compressor is responsible for compressing the air entering the engine. The compressed air is then heated by the burning fuel in the combustor. The hot compressed air then powers the turbine, which drives the compressor and generates power. In the expander, the exhaust gases from the turbine are cooled by passing them through a heat exchanger. The cooled exhaust gases are then reheated in the combustor and recycled back into the turbine.
• The combustor is responsible for igniting the fuel in the compressed air and producing hot gases that flow through the turbine blades. The turbines extract energy from these hot gases to drive the compressor and produce thrust.
• The turbine is responsible for extracting energy from the hot gases to drive the compressor and generate power. The turbines are mounted on a shaft that runs the length of the engine.
• The exhaust nozzle is responsible for directing the exhaust gases from the turbine to create thrust. The nozzle is specially designed to produce high thrust and efficiencies at low airspeeds.

The engine starter system is responsible for turning the crankshaft to start the engine. The starter system includes the battery, starter motor, solenoid switch, and cables. When you turn the key in the ignition, electricity flows from the battery to the starter motor. This electric current turns the starter motor, which then turns the crankshaft.

The fluid systems are responsible for keeping all of the parts of your car lubricated. The two main fluid systems are the hydraulic system and the cooling system. The hydraulic system circulates brake fluid throughout your car’s brakes to help them function properly. The cooling system circulates coolant throughout your engine to keep it cool.

Assignment Activity 3: Investigate the factors affecting the performance and environmental impact of aircraft using gas turbine propulsion.

Aircraft gas turbine engine performance is affected by many factors, such as the altitude at which the aircraft is flying, the weight and balance of the aircraft, and the outside air temperature.

• The higher the altitude, the thinner the air, and thus the less oxygen there is available to power the engine. This can reduce engine performance and cause the aircraft to fly slower.
• The greater a plane’s weight, or “gross weight”, the more thrust it needs from its engines in order to take off and maintain altitude. If an aircraft is carrying too much weight for its engines to generate enough thrust, it will not be able to take off or may have difficulty staying in flight.
• The colder it is outside, the denser the air is. This means that an engine will have to work harder to compress the same amount of air at a higher altitude. This can affect engine performance and cause the aircraft to fly slower.

Gas turbine engines have a significant environmental impact. The main pollutants emitted by gas turbine engines are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM).

Nitrogen oxides contribute to ground-level ozone, which can cause respiratory problems, and carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that can cause headaches, nausea, and dizziness. VOCs are a group of chemicals that can cause eye and throat irritation, headaches, nausea, and damage to the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Particulate matter can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and lung cancer.

Gas turbine engines also produce noise pollution, which can cause hearing loss, stress, and interference with television, radio, and other electronic equipment.

In order to reduce the environmental impact of gas turbine engines, aircraft manufacturers are working on new technologies that will reduce the number of pollutants they emit. Some of these technologies include:

• Low-emission combustors
• Closed-cycle cooling systems
• Afterburners
• Water injection systems

These technologies help reduce emissions by controlling the amount of fuel that is burned, cooling the engine, and breaking down pollutants into smaller particles.

Aircraft manufacturers are also working on developing electric-powered aircraft, which would eliminate the need for gas turbine engines altogether. Electric-powered aircraft are more environmentally friendly because they produce no pollutants and very little noise.

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